[57] The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny". [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. First is that an autocracy nearly always focuses power in a single individual person, whereas dictatorshipssingle-party dictatorships in particularsometimes spread the power throughout a small group of people (say, the leaders of the dictator's political party). With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. 2. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. The dictator is the absolute ruler. Latin America experienced a dramatic political change in the last quarter of the twentieth century. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. 1. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. [1]:70. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. [1] " Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. [47] Personalist dictatorships also experience growth differently, as they often lack the institutions or qualified leadership to sustain an economy. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. During his reign of terror, about 30,000 Haitians are estimated to have been assassinated, while thousands - mostly intelligence fled the country. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. Equatorial Guinea. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. Single-party dictatorships: 5. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. The . Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. Another controversial dictator is General Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) of Chile.
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