Elizabeth I and Spain - History Learning Site Henry himself gave people cause . LS23 6AD John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. 1558 -french threat. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Those who refused this were sent to prison. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces Company Reg no: 04489574. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. West Yorkshire, -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. and reversing the religious settlement. LS23 6AD English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Boston House, This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Best Answer. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Spouse: None. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. This increased tension between England and Spain. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) | The Royal Family Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. to answer the Section Focus Question: The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Save. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Copy. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. . Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy Boston House, The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World).
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why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558