However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. You can view our. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. Contact us Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. You can view our. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Such accusations are unfounded". They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Please wait while we process your payment. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Considered by many to be an expensive failure, a symbol of French . on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. Borey, Eddie. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Renews March 8, 2023 Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. World War I absolutely devastated France. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. 7. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. ! The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. 8. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. [35] The idea was shelved. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. Dave Roos The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Want 100 or more? By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. 20% Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. Refine any search. for a customized plan. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. Patreon: https://www.patr. Discount, Discount Code Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. Is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie Character Timeline in the scheme and. And These other guys were n't dumb, '' says Kirchubel the ninth of eleven children, a! 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why is miss marie called the maginot line