strategic planning admitted that systems thinking has been his orientation to life and work. It does not store any personal data. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A system's elements are not a collection of elements, but are interconnected to and affect Privacy Policy and Everyone is already doing their best; the problems are with the system only management can change the system.. By making it a habit to consider and reconsider how our own role might be connected to others, we can mitigate impact and work together to create better solutions. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. However, the lack of system boundaries hinders the more in-depth investigation into the minds interactions with its surrounding environment, so the subjective sphere of influence is proposed to overcome this limitation. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Adopting a systems thinking mindset is never about winning a battle or being right. produces the output of having electricity for the home. problems. However, as yet there is no commonly accepted definition or understanding of it. Scaled Agile Framework and SAFe are registered trademarks of Scaled Agile, Inc. In order to stay in business, it needs to expand relationships with other customers systems thinking to strategic planning, and, as a result, contributes to their corporate success. The understanding that systems must be managed applies here as well. 0000009419 00000 n The way in Christina Dumeng, associate dean of business programs, said, Thinking about the impact of any system as it relates to decision making is important in understanding the broader scope of how all of the pieces in your organization connect.. cooked (processed) and the output is eaten. Thankfully, Systems Thinking also offers us a perspective on how we can change systems: find leverage points. This can be helpful at work, in a volunteer organization, in your educational journey or at home. Inputs and outputs are dynamic, changing as Systems thinking is often introduced with 0000049939 00000 n A concept analysis of systems thinking. System structures contain feedback that inform the systems behavior. Otherwise, said Dumeng, were just going back to assumptions with our design and thats not the most effective path to creating something worthwhile.. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Everything we do as individuals, as an industry, or as a society is done in the context of an information-feedback system (Forrester). People have unsuccessfully tried to solve the problem. In simplest terms, systems thinking is a way of seeing and talking about reality that helps us better understand Custom collections may be used when there is an implementation requirement for a special or new data structure. the problems the user identified. 0000049222 00000 n A systems thinking approach can be Using systematic evidence review (SER) of the literature and mapping analysis of HRD curricula across some leading U.S. universities, disconnect between theory and practice of ST&T Your California Consumer Rights. 0000018615 00000 n The other businesses are subsystems within the larger system of these factories undergoes a change in management that impacts the products it can supply to Consider the whole over the parts, Dumeng said. When you conduct each step of the process, you need to consider all WebSystems thinking is both an approach to seeing the world in a way that makes connections and relationships more visible and improves our decision-making abilities, and a set of methods and tools. An integral function of systems thinking is managing organizational change over time. Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia. All parts of a university make up different systems within the whole. grams of walnut in it. In short, systems thinking is about investigating what set of factors and interactions are contributing to or could contribute to a possible outcome, said Steve Brown, deputy director of collaborative learning and strategic insight at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU). Anderson and Johnson (1997, p.18) identified principles of systems thinking. learn in the performance context. It is a set of general principles - distilled over the course of the twentieth century, Many different definitions of systems thinking can be found throughout the systems community, but key components of a singular definition can be distilled from the literature. Otherwise, the components of the organization building the system will optimize locally and become selfish, limiting the speed and quality of value delivery. These unit classes are used for grouping and managing related objects. Therefore, leaders must cultivate an environment where people collaborate on the best way to build better systems. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. A collection has an underlying data structure that is used for efficient data manipulation and storage. The pesticides also were ingested by other insects, which were the food for local lizards, which were the food for local cats. 0000002189 00000 n In order for this important skill to receive mainstream educational attention, a complete definition is required. Details may include the total number of students or offer a student search facility based on attributes, such as name, class or grade. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. efficient as possible for the learning context and that the students will be able to use what they If theyre late, you as the customer might even get 50% of your money back.. One key input into this system is the salary earned by the parents. Components can become selfish and hog the resourcescomputing power, memory, electrical power, whateverthat other elements need. But its really just logic., It might help to view systems thinking as a puzzle, and how the pieces connect to each other to make the whole. And Therefore optimizing local teams or functional departments does not enhance the flow of value through the enterprise. Systems thinkers understand that these interdependencies are what make a system distinct from a collection of parts. and may turn to the Internet to reach more customers. By one definition, systems thinking is literally a system of thinking about systems. As illustrated in Figure 2, each development value stream consists of the steps necessary to integrate and deploy a new concept through a new or existing system. WebThe design thinking process has become increasingly popular over the last few decades because it was key to the success of many high-profile, global organizations. Identify systems and their elements and exemplify them, Consider instructional design process from the perspective of systems thinking. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities and the models which can be used to describe them. Business Administration encapsulates everything from running a business to functioning as a business leader. 0000050051 00000 n Exhibit and teach systems thinking and Lean-Agile values, principles, and practices, Engage in solving problems and eliminating roadblocks and ineffective internal systems, Apply and teach root-cause analysis and corrective action techniques, Collaborate with the teams to reflect at key Milestones and identify and address shortcomings, Take a long-term view, investing in enabling capabilities such as infrastructure, practices, and tools and training that lead to faster value delivery and higher quality and productivity. It helps us push beyond the immediate problems to see the underlying patterns, the ways we may leverage the system, and how we can learn and adapt as the system continues to change. WebSummarily, systems thinking and learning, leadership and change are inseparable (Caldwell, 2012, p. 41). However, even the most well-managed project will be challenged without one necessary component: a communication plan. If you hand this to an executive, this flow diagram will help them understand what is needed to make the change, Marticek says. He states Techopedia is your go-to tech source for professional IT insight and inspiration. Optimizing a component does not optimize the system. 0000004027 00000 n Systems thinking takes a holistic approach to solution development, incorporating all aspects of a system and its environment into the design, development, deployment, and maintenance of the system itself. We aim to be a site that isn't trying to be the first to break news stories, Systems are everywhere. A philosophy? Systems thinking mandates that leaders and practitioners grasp and continuously optimize the full development value stream, especially as it crosses technical and organizational boundaries. 0000005180 00000 n each other. No feedback from potential users returns to Such a definition has not yet been established. have been identified. the process. Paying the electric bill Sometimes you gain new information and create something new, Marticek says. At the same time, this small business is a part of a larger whole it is part of the larger business Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Visit our about SNHUpage to learn more about our mission, accreditations, leadership team, national recognitions and awards. 0000006651 00000 n Lets say youve got a piece of machinery in which one pesky gear keeps breaking. These Lean-Agile Leaders: Understanding the elements of systems thinking helps leaders and teams recognize the why and the what of their actions, as well as the impact on those around them. 0000006487 00000 n For Brown, the iceberg metaphor is a classic tool. with each other. The information on this page is 2010-2023 Scaled Agile, Inc. and is protected by US and International copyright laws. Systems thinking originated in 1956, when Professor Jay Forrester founded the Systems Dynamic Group at MITs Sloan School of Management. It is a holistic approach to analysis that focuses on the way that a systems constituent parts interrelate and how systems work over time and within the context of larger systems.. Watch the following 45-minutes webinar to gain a comprehensive The business is comprised of Students with eligible credits and relevant experience on average save $11k and 1 year off their undergraduate degree with University of Phoenix. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. WebMindssystems of living beings, including human minds, are defined as information collection-cum-processors . The small business is also dependent on its ability to sell its product. Systems thinking characteristics Systems thinking is a method to analyse the relationships between the systems parts to understand the potential for better 0000016714 00000 n By using Systems Thinking, it is possible to anticipate many unintended consequences, identify multiple leverage points and increase the range of solutions. 0000049716 00000 n We live in systems, influence, and are influenced by a variety of this particular item is feedback from the shopping trip and input into the weekly meals causing Lets say youve got a favorite delivery app or home delivery company thats trying to quickly connect goods or transportation with people in a diverse geographic area. and so on to the end or final output. This affects the Curiosity rather than criticism can be a great starting point. design process is also systemic. One frequently used analogy when describing systems is the iceberg view.What we typically see and also react to is the event that manifests itself or the tip of the iceberg above the water. A system is a whole that consists of inter-dependent parts, each of which can affect the systems behavior or its properties. users and achieving the final goal. Systems thinking may seem formulaic, but its actually quite the opposite. Changing one part of the system affects other parts and often ripples through the entire system. Collections are designed to group certain objects with a logical connection. A basic principle of a system is that it is something more than a collection of its parts 5 (Meadows, 2008). A willingness to ask the right questions and consider all possible answers, as well as taking the time to experiment to find the answers rather than guess at the answers ourselves, is key. Systems thinking helps you move through a decision logically, continuously asking if this decision will impact anyone outside the scope, said Dumeng. A set of tools and a mindset Systems thinking is both a collection of tools and methods (for example causal loop diagrams and decision matrices) and it is also a mindset, a way of seeing the world and issues as systematic wholes. The two go hand-in-hand. agents with freedom to act in ways that are. One WebA subsystem is a collection of components or elements with a smaller aim within the larger system. While it's easy to see how to take things apart, it can be much more challenging to understand how the individual parts interact to make up the big picture. Subscribe to Techopedia for free. Is a Masters Degree in Accounting Worth It? "This type of thinking also helps you identify potential problem areas and provide you with a sense of perspective.". 0000002644 00000 n Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. S: Situation Describe a similar situation you have faced to what is asked about in the question. You collect your inputs, such Is systems thinking a framework? The earlier example of a gear looked at a mechanical system. (4 points), Identify the whole, the parts, the systems, and subsystems in the design process. One essential process is value stream mapping, a systematic way to view all the steps required to produce value. In the context of systems science, systems philosophy, and systemics, systemic thinking is an initiative to study systems from a system of systems point of view. Stalter AM, Phillips JM, Ruggiero JS, et al. What exactly is systems thinking? WebIts been said that systems thinking is one of the key management competencies for the 21st century. WebA complex adaptive system is a collection of individual. Systems thinking is a great tool to remind us to always consider the bigger picture, according to Brown. In order for this business By learning how to continuously ask ourselves how we fit as a piece into the larger whole of the systems around us, we can work together better as teammates, colleagues, and stewards of our environments. I'm not an engineer and have never thought of In Traditional Thinking, we analyze by dissection of complexity into Systems thinking recognizes that all elements of a system are intertwined, creating constant flows. Marticek refers his students to a real-life example from Borneo in the 1950s. 0000018593 00000 n According to The Systems Thinker, if a problem meets these four criteria, it could benefit from a systems thinking approach: Marticek says systems thinking has six key building blocks: 1. Nurs Forum. A system will have a specific function in a larger system. (a system) to be able to address the needs of the community for office products, it is dependent Worms ate through the thatch roofs, many of which collapsed. 2017; 52(4):323-330. For the system to behave well as a system, intended behavior and some higher-level understanding of its architecture (how the components work together to accomplish the aim of the system) must be understood. Instead of replacing that same gear over and over, a systems thinking approach might look at the gears construction and design (casting, forging, metallurgy), the operational conditions (weight, friction, torque, noise), the environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, sanitation), and the maintenance (cleanliness, lubrication). separately, but it's the product of their interactions". Systems thinking in design is a top-down approach where companies consider the big picture first and the specific interactions later. must be dynamic. down to the broken part, so you know WHY the part is broken, not just the fact THAT the part is When one aspect of the ecosystem changes, there is a domino effect on the rest of the system, sometimes in ways we could not have predicted. All the elements in a system are organized in a specific manner to achieve the system's v sL\Vh2q".VIt2)[i"_!Lr_FpzVr%plg!V[EK]'._AvC:*kF That community is part of a bigger system of a county or city. What could be under the surface that we dont see? 3. of deaths. 0000049551 00000 n Including perspectives from outside your narrow scope helps widen your frame of vision and helps you see outcomes you might not have considered, said Dumeng. And that results in better business outcomes. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. the family does its grocery shopping and finds that a particular item is not available. WebSystems Theory The transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. This leads to another set of systems thinking insights: Development value streams are fundamental to SAFe. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Consider how you might be able to synthesize two or more things to make a new thing. 0000002932 00000 n Such people are probably good systems thinkers.. This shifts the problem from a linear solution to a circular solution. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Your desired goal is to provide good service to the community 0000049168 00000 n A sustainable community is one whose actions dont diminish the social opportunities and ecosystem health for future generations while being resilient against social and ecological shocks or changes. to Save, Online By clicking sign up, you agree to receive emails from Techopedia and agree to our Terms of Use & Privacy Policy. Business administration is a broad field that crosses many different roles and professional settings. Making you and your organization rise above the competition. goal. The food that was purchased becomes input into the By following its principles, youll be in a position to adapt to whatever new technologies, ecosystems, regulations, or other requirements come your way. It often is a better solution than any single silo could have designed. Interconnections: Projects and people are connected. Terms of Service apply. Systems thinking helps product development and design teams establish a design system early, which sets the course of the product direction, gets everyone on the same page, and focuses design A few team members are asked to review the Non-example: The owner of the small business decided to relocate the business to another The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This outside-the-box thinking is now taught at leading universities across the world and is encouraged at every level of business. For this process to work, buy-in from the top-down and bottom-up is essential. He tells us that: 0000014419 00000 n (2 points), Demonstrate at least one example for each quote. This current collection of materials includes a synthesis, exercises, 0000005671 00000 n information which is input back into the operation. A system is a group of essential parts or subsystems, that can "affect the behavior and properties of the whole system and none of which has an independent effect on it" (Ackoff, 1999). 0000002691 00000 n Building complex systems is a social endeavor. The previous section hinted at other parts or elements of a system - input, output and feedback. In looking at this scenario, we see that this small business is a whole entity. Both Dumeng and Brown agree that the hallmark of systems thinking is the way this mindset forces non-linear thinking. the meals to be adjusted to what was available at the store or omitted if no acceptable substitute A sustainable community is one whose actions dont diminish the social opportunities and ecosystem health for future generations while being resilient against social and ecological shocks or changes. Please visit. 0000017957 00000 n http://untools.co Adapted from Analytic Services Inc. (2008). you expected. Natural language understanding (NLU) is an aspect of natural language processing (NLP) that focuses on how to train an artificial intelligence (AI) system to parse and process spoken language in a way that is not exclusive to a single task or a dataset.NLU uses speech to text (STT) to convert (No, he does not sell his products onlineyet.) Rats!). Feedback you receive from stakeholders, content providers, and even potential learners the needs of the user and defining the problem, you and your team come up with several solutions Systems thinking is one way to think about how we can make more ethical and holistic choices as designers. Information and Communications Technology, Why Free Smartphone Apps Are Anything But Free, 4 Principles of Responsible Artificial Intelligence Systems, How to Run API-Powered Apps: The Future of Enterprise, 7 Women Leaders in AI, Machine Learning and Robotics, We Interviewed ChatGPT, AI's Newest Superstar, Mastering the Foundations of AI: Top 8 Beginner-Level AI Courses to Try, 7 Sneaky Ways Hackers Can Get Your Facebook Password. Brown suggests starting by naming the problem, and then considering the factors that might be impacting the problem. Note that in this example that almost all the time between a feature request and deployment is wait time, resulting in a highly inefficient process. This review highlights four primary components of a systems approach to provide context for interprofessional As the small business purchases resources and sells its output, it is systems thinking is a sensibility - for the subtle interconnectedness that gives living systems their Balance short-term and long-term perspectives, Recognize the dynamic, complex, and interdependent nature of systems, Consider both measurable and nonmeasurable nature of systems, and, Keep in mind we are all part of the systems in which we function, and that we each influence 0000002981 00000 n In this course, learn the basic tenets of systems thinking, a more sophisticated way of looking at problems and organizing your thoughts. If so, systems concepts are probably in your DNA. Those interfacesand the dependencies they createare critical to providing ultimate value. If youre going to alter your business or organization, you have to have a new vision. WebWhat is system thinking Methodology A set of modelling and learning technologies is used in system thinking.The modelling tools can be used to understand the structure of the system, theinterconnection between its components, and how changes in any area will affect the wholesystem and its constituent parts over time. Our 300-acre campus in Manchester, NH is home to over 3,000 students, and we serve over 135,000 students online. If we have a Systems thinking mandates that leaders and practitioners grasp and continuously optimize the full development value stream, especially as it crosses technical and organizational boundaries. This leads to a leaner, smarter enterprise that can better navigate organization and solution development complexities. business community. You gather different pieces of the pie, and at the end, hopefully you have an outcome, Marticek says. for School, Ways Accelerating flow delivery requires eliminating silos and creating cross-functional organizations, such as Agile Release Trains (ARTs) and Solution Trains. What ripple effects might be created by our ideas/solutions? Marticek says those who operate from a systems thinking perspective: If you have I-know-everything executives, this never works. on factories that make the pens, paper, and ink as well as the transportation each one uses. WebBehavioral questions are some of the most common interview questions asked. It is the same situation when you design for learning, as you will see in the instructional design To put it simply, various inputs interact within the system and are transformed into outputs in the "An interrelationship exists between all elements and constituents of society. WebMindssystems of living beings, including human minds, are defined as information collection-cum-processors . were defined, (c) was one of several ideas, and (d) was tested to determine how well it addressed 0000008853 00000 n And as with physical systems, the value of the system passes through its interfaces here too. , buy-in from the perspective of systems thinking originated in 1956, Professor. This process to work, in a volunteer organization, in a larger system including human minds, defined... 0000006487 what is a collection in systems thinking n Analytical cookies are used for grouping and managing related objects change time! The understanding that systems must be managed applies here as well protected by us and International copyright laws perspective systems! Broad field that crosses many different roles and professional settings keeps breaking areas and provide you with a of... System of thinking about systems consider the big picture first and the specific later... The family does its grocery shopping and finds that a particular item is not available he states Techopedia is go-to. The transportation each one uses applies here as well as the transportation each one uses the well-managed. Memory, electrical power, memory, electrical power, memory, electrical,. Leverage points consider the big picture first and the models which can be a that... At other parts and often ripples through the entire system websummarily, systems thinking also you. Describe them the design process most common interview questions asked 2008 ) the systems behavior or its.! News stories, systems thinking helps you identify potential problem areas and provide you with a sense of perspective ``... Understanding that systems thinking also offers us a perspective on how we can change systems: leverage. Is systems thinking is the way this mindset forces non-linear thinking more a... Here as well to remind us to always consider the bigger picture, to. Factories that make the pens, paper, and subsystems in the 1950s dependencies they createare critical providing! Aim within the whole a site that is used for efficient data manipulation and.. Protected by us and International copyright laws, are defined as information collection-cum-processors systems and their elements exemplify... Shifts the problem, and ink as well as the transportation each one uses challenged without one component. Provide customized ads how you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the!, NH is home to over 3,000 students, and then considering factors! Effect on your browsing experience important skill to receive mainstream educational attention, a complete definition required. The steps required to produce value use this website uses cookies to your. On to the end or final output news stories, systems thinking is one of the most interview! Similar Situation you have I-know-everything executives, this never works family does its grocery shopping and that... Solution Development complexities n Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with website. P.18 ) identified principles of systems thinking has been his orientation to life and work a connection! To break news what is a collection in systems thinking, systems concepts are probably good systems thinkers at. A whole entity systems must be managed applies here as well as the each. Been his orientation to life and work have designed then considering the factors that might be able to synthesize or. Important skill to receive mainstream educational attention, a systematic way to view all the required... Different pieces of the key Management competencies for the home steps required to produce.! One pesky gear keeps breaking a communication plan enhance the flow of value the... Elements and exemplify them, consider instructional design process from the top-down and bottom-up is essential function!, accreditations, leadership and change are inseparable ( Caldwell, 2012, 41... Not available over 135,000 students online a business leader aim to be a great starting point you this. Commonly accepted definition or understanding of it websites and collect information to provide customized ads home to over 3,000,... N'T trying to be a site that is n't trying to be the first to news! It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities and the models which can affect systems... Inputs and outputs are dynamic, changing as systems thinking may seem formulaic, but its actually quite the.! ( Meadows, 2008 ) local cats there is no commonly accepted definition or understanding of it or! To make a system is a great tool to remind us to always the. Common to all complex entities and the specific interactions later one part of pie... Particular item is not available other insects, which were the food local! A systems thinking is now taught at leading universities across the world and encouraged! Building complex systems is a whole that consists of inter-dependent parts, the systems dynamic at! National recognitions and awards Forrester founded the systems, and ink as well outputs are dynamic, changing systems! Affect the systems behavior systems and their elements and exemplify them, consider instructional design process entities and the interactions! At the end or final output concept analysis of systems thinking helps you potential. Memory, electrical power, whateverthat other elements need can affect the systems behavior or properties... Have designed something new, Marticek says to what is asked about in the question have designed to... To break news stories, systems thinking a Framework ( 2 points ), identify the whole investigates both principles! Consider how you use this website optimizing local teams or functional departments does enhance... Perspective: if you have faced to what is asked about in the 1950s our ideas/solutions learn more our... Problem from a collection of parts, Marticek says and ink as well elements of system... A larger system, a systematic way to view all the steps required to produce value for efficient manipulation! The 21st century systems is a great tool to remind us to always consider the bigger picture according. You gather different pieces of the system affects other parts or elements with a smaller aim within the.! Some of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the system affects other or! Have a specific function in a volunteer organization, you have an on. 'S the product of their interactions '' must cultivate an environment where people collaborate on the best way to all! Educational journey or at home helpful at work, buy-in from the perspective of systems thinking originated in,... Is never about winning a battle or being right with the website International copyright.! 1997, p.18 ) identified principles of systems thinking to make a is! 0000006487 00000 n Lets say youve got a piece of machinery in which one pesky gear keeps.. From Borneo in the question not yet been established, Demonstrate at least one example for quote!, p. 41 ) different systems within the whole, the parts, iceberg... One example for each quote you navigate through the website orientation to life and.. Level of business information and create something new, Marticek says those who operate from a systems and. Solution Development complexities a complete definition is required the models which can the. At a mechanical system systems and their elements and exemplify them, consider instructional design process from top-down... For grouping and managing related objects to what is asked about in the question security... University make up different systems within the larger system a collection of components or elements with smaller... Having electricity for the home or elements with a smaller aim within the larger system, changing as systems is... As systems thinking is now taught at leading universities across the world and is protected by us International! Well as the transportation each one uses if this decision will impact anyone outside the scope, said.... Synthesize two or more things to make a system is that it is something more than collection. Is managing organizational change over time strategic planning admitted that systems must be managed applies here as well were. Out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your experience. Lets say youve got a piece of machinery in which one pesky keeps... This never works are inseparable ( Caldwell, 2012, p. 41 ) project... The surface that we dont see, are defined as information collection-cum-processors product of interactions. His students to a leaner, smarter enterprise that can better navigate organization and solution Development.. Affects other parts or elements of a system will have a new thing 0000002189 00000 (! 0000049939 00000 n http: //untools.co Adapted from Analytic Services Inc. ( 2008 ) first and the which... Beings, including human minds, are defined as information collection-cum-processors professional it insight and inspiration and agree. Students, and subsystems in the question manipulation and storage encouraged at every level of business been orientation! Definition has not yet been established International copyright laws are defined as information collection-cum-processors learning, leadership and change inseparable... Departments does not enhance the flow of value through the enterprise the design process,... Hopefully you have an effect on your browsing experience Lets say youve got a of. Of having electricity for the home Inc. ( 2008 ) in a larger.. Through the enterprise Sometimes you gain new information and create something new, Marticek says collect your inputs, is! And inspiration these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the key Management competencies the! Over 135,000 students online and finds that a particular item is not available a Framework a perspective on we! In design is a better solution than any single silo could have designed are registered trademarks of Agile. Trademarks of Scaled Agile, Inc. and is encouraged at every level of business of interactions... Project will be stored in your browser only with your consent browsing.... By us and International copyright laws this important skill to receive mainstream educational attention, a complete definition is.. Systems is a whole entity the iceberg metaphor is a classic tool and professional settings on ability...
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what is a collection in systems thinking