The two groups seemed to be like ships passing in the night, there on the same sea but unaware of and unconcerned for what the other was doing. The best way to understand Jesuit education is by spending some time with the Spirit of Georgetown. There is much more sharing within each group than between them. We bring these values to life at SCS . At that point, Dominicans had been working as missionaries among Muslims for over three hundred years, with friars such as Ramon Mart (c.122085) in Spain, Riccoldo da Montecroce (c.12431320) in Iraq, and William of Tripoli (c.122073) in the Holy Land having lived among Muslims, learning Arabic and studying the Quran in its original language, so they were in a good position to deal with Muslims. He said that, while having the audacity of the improbable was essential to the Jesuit mission to live as men of faith, contemplatives in action, men whose lives will truly be given for others, we learn to do it in our personal lives as we forgive one another in the day-to-day, which makes us discover that in ourselves we have a life that is so much stronger, so much more beautiful, than the one we thought we possessed, a life which finds its full truth when it breaks away from the self to be offered to the other. The arguments have had some good effects, getting each side to clarify its position, but so much more could have been accomplished. Additionally, Molina proposed a theory of non-determining divine concurrence, meaning that God, seeing how a person chooses, gives a grace that helps to bring about what the person has freely chosen. Jesuits did this by leveraging the reverence for Mary that is shared by Christians and Muslims. There are few things that Jesuits and Dominicans are more protective of than their books. But perhaps in matters such as the relation between nature and grace there is room in Christianity for multiple beliefs. OReilly identifies three particular areas that Cano and Pedroche most objected to: a universally available call to contemplation that would include lay people, a reliance on the experience of spiritual joy and consolation in discernment of Gods will, and a trust in the experience of being guided by the Holy Spirit. During the last nine years of his life, Ignatius opened 33 schools. One distinctive aspect of Jesuit education at all levels is the emphasis on teaching "the whole person" mind, body, and spirit. When things fell apart for political and social reasons, they were in no position to work together to try to salvage something from what had been accomplished. Debra Sullivan holds a BA in History in Education from Whittier College, a MA in Educational Administration from Rosary College (now Dominican University) as well as an EdD in Curriculum and Instruction from Loyola University Chicago. Because of these friendships, the relationship between the Jesuits and the Dominicans in the area of biblical studies has greatly improved. While in school, he became close friends with like-minded men who decided to bind themselves together in an apostolic community that became the Society of Jesus. Society of Jesus, 36th General Congregation, 73. How do human persons remain free under the influence of Gods grace? They sponsored an annual procession through the streets of Antwerp, and on its centenary the rosary confraternity commissioned four paintings of the Battle of Lepanto for the Dominican church there. Originally, the Order was founded to fight the. The Dominicans and Jesuits were fixated upon a substantive issuea genuine theological mystery at the heart of the Christian faithone which deserves the kind of sustained reflection and clear formulation that has been given to such mysteries as the Trinity and the Incarnation.. Vladimir Ledochowski 26th General of the Society of Jesus Oct. 7, 1866Dec. During his journey, he spent much of his time in Manresa, Spain, in prayer (sometimes for as much as 7 hours a day). He founded the Society of Jesus in 1540, together with nine companions, and became their first Superior General with headquarters in Rome. A new set of pontifical academic degrees was established that could only be conferred through the Pontifical Bible Commission or directly through the newly established Biblicum, and seminaries were pushed to use only professors credentialed by these new degrees. Rahner showed the conciliar theologians how to be faithful to the Catholic tradition and in touch with the modern world. In this article I consider three pairs: Dominicans and Jesuits and their approaches to education, their attitudes to China and the Philippines, and to indigenous and non-indigenous students in the earliest years of Spanish Manila. Pope Pius v (150472; r.156672), a Dominican, eventually declared the Dominican version of the rosary standard for the universal church, proclaiming it to be a useful tool against Muslims, Protestants, and all the enemies of the faith, recounting a legend of St. Dominic using the rosary to defeat the Albigensians. Pius x sought to reverse Leo xiiis policies, filling the Biblical Commission with non-biblical theologians who mostly hindered biblical studies. For Cano, the hours spent in contemplation could get in the way of their accomplishing good works. Cano countered that expecting God to speak to oneself directly was to tempt God. These schools uphold the main tenets of the . The Jesuits have seen the training of religious and lay believers as core to their mission for more than 400 years. There are plenty of contrarians among both the Dominicans and the Jesuitspeople who habitually take the other side of any position they encounter. Thus, Canos and Pedroches criticisms, while not having much direct effect, seem to have guided the development of Jesuit spirituality in the early years of the Society. After the short reign of his successor, the next pope, Paul v (15501621; r.160521), resumed the proceedings, but was still unable to resolve the issue. His higher education was spent most in UST. It also provides a directory of Jesuit universities and colleges within the United States and an index of common Jesuit terms. Ignatius of Loyola and his companions founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. This issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies draws together five vignettes of historical situations that hit many of the important moments in the collaborative and contentious relationship between Dominicans and Jesuits in order to give a broad view of the ways these two religious orders have related to each other, showing the positive and negative dynamics of this relationship and how this affects the benefits they have brought to the wider church. A Jesuit education goes beyond the classroom walls. It does not affect our ability to embrace the Nicene Creed. It concludes that conflictual relationships between the groups tend to hinder their work while . The Dominicans and the Jesuits worked separately in dealing with Muslims in the early modern period, even though they had many overlapping ideas. Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. Jesuit System of Education The system of education given by the Jesuits in the Ateneo was advanced from that of other colleges during that period . Catholics called for change in response to a changing world, and theologians responded in the areas of ecumenism, biblical study, pastoral and liturgical renewal. These differences were resolved in 1599 with the publication of the Official Directory, which set the canonical boundaries on interpretations of the Exercises and defined a specifically Jesuit spiritual discourse. But the Biblicum now allows students to study for a year at the cole while they are pursuing their degrees, creating a good number of students to fill classes at the cole and further breaking down barriers. Cano argued that it was not right to encourage lay people to pursue contemplation since their proper call was to an active life of doing good works. Click the buttons to subscribe to our alerts. After Augustine, perennial arguments about this question in the Latin church tended towards a predictable form with two sides, one side over-emphasizing Gods sovereignty and the other crystallizing around an unbalanced commitment to human autonomy. Congar wrote a bit on Dominican mystics, but generally considered Aquinass theology to be the foundation of Dominican spirituality. Such a path is rife for self-delusion and exploitation by the devil. 3 The Jesuit system of education formally began with the opening in Messina, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1542. The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits was founded by former soldier Saint Ignatius Loyola, and earned an approval from Pope Paul III in 1540. The directories written between 1560 and 1590 show a large variety of interpretations of his work, including divergent views in exactly the three areas that Cano and Pedroche criticized. Each group has enough work and enough trouble enough of its own to have much energy left to spend in building relationships that do not have a clear and present advantage. Homily of Fr. The world is fallen, broken, but it is still basically good and permeated by Gods grace. Sometimes referred to as the "Nashville Dominicans", the sisters have as their specific end the Christian education of youth and other educational or charitable work undertaken by the congregation for the salvation of souls. Rather, if one wanted to know the will of God, one should consult learned men and use ones God-given intelligence to figure it out, lest one think that anything that occurs to one might be from God. Education BY JOHN W. O'MALLEY, S.J. Creighton University is one of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities that comprise the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities (AJCU). I also wonder if the issue has not already been adequately resolved. As Matava points out, the way that grace works with nature to bring about the good in the world is fundamental to many areas of theology, so this is an important question. : The Virgin Mary in Early Modern Dominican and Jesuit Approaches to Islam, Rita George-Tvrtkovi contributes an article about the different ways Jesuits and Dominicans dealt with Muslim incursions into Europe in the late sixteenth century. Now there's an excellent article over on The Jesuit Post which promises to settle the dispute once and for all, thanks to the careful and rigorous analysis of the Angelic Doctor himself. Congar saw Rahner as a great ally and spoke of Rahner with admiration in his diary of the council, writing at one point that Rahner had probably spoken too much, yet he was magnificent, courageous, and profound. FAQS | History | Colleges and Universities | Glossary. An education at Creighton University shapes the whole personemotional, spiritual, intellectual physical, social. Against this view, the Jesuit Prudencio de Montemayor (d.1599) argued that if this were true, Jesus was constrained and would not have given his life freely, and thus there would have been no merit in his death. Molina argued that, for humans to be truly freeto be able to choose one thing or another on their own without external constraintmeant that even God could not predetermine the outcome of their decisions. The council was composed of bishops from around the world, representatives of other Christian churches, and periti, theological experts on various subjects. Dominican friar Marie-Joseph Lagrange (18551938) founded the cole Biblique in Jerusalem in 1890 to take advantage of the moment. Volume 42, Issue 2. For Ignatius, discernment involved prayer, reflection and consultation with othersall with honest attention not only to the rational, but also to the realm of ones feelings. They are at the heart of everything we do, individually and as a university. This guide answers frequently asked questions about Jesuit education, including its characteristics, history and values. These values prepare students to be wiser and more compassionate as they take the next step in their life journey as men and women for others. Schools range from major research universities to small liberal arts colleges. It may be improbable, but nothing is impossible for God. For Bez and the Dominicans, freedom is the ability to pursue the best course of action, not any random set of actions, so ones free choice is radically based in the intellect. After a year of discussions nothing was settled, since both sides preferred to attack their rivals position rather than expand their own views or find a compromise. Short for the Latin phrase Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, which translates For the Greater Glory of God. It is the motto of the Society of Jesus as mentioned by Ignatius of Loyola in the Constitutions of the Jesuits. While there were minor players in this debate that crossed over the lines, all of the major Dominicans in the debate were on one side and all of the major Jesuits were on the other side. The Exercises invite the reader or participant to meditate on central aspects of Christian faith, such as creation, sin, forgiveness, calling and ministry and the life, death and resurrection of Jesus. Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, Explores the intersection between faith and culture, Embraces interfaith engagement and collaboration, Is comprehensive and rooted in the liberal arts tradition, Pays special attention to values, ethical issues and the development of moral character, Stresses the importance of social and environmental justice, Maintains an optimistic view of human nature and of its possibilities, Encourages critical, analytical and creative approaches to solving problems, Promotes interfaith engagement and diverse faith traditions, Prepares students for a rapidly changing and diverse society, Develops responsible citizens who are sensitive to the needs of our time, Encourages critical, analytics and creative approaches to solving problems, Incorporates a global and international dimension for growth and learning, Inspires students to change society and the world for the better. We should move to the disputatio and let each side try to deeply understand the other view and the values at stake driving it. Jesuits and Dominicans have come to see the advantage of working together to find creative solutions, maintaining their own unique traditions so that they have a variety of perspectives to bring to bear on any issue. Jesuit education begins with a deep respect for the individual and that person's potential for one of the hallmarks of Jesuit education is cura personalis . Find more answers Ask your question New questions in History The baby Jesus holds the dead Turks bloody head. We do this through our Jesuit foundation, giving you an excellent, value-centered and experiential education that honors the whole person your mind . The debate had long ceased to be about allowing the mystery to lead us all to a deeper truth and had become a partisan battle with each side intent on destroying the position of their opponent. The issues that face the church and the world today are large and looming. The rise of the Ottoman Empire and its encroachment into Europe in that period provoked a reaction from the church to deal with them by either conversion or conquer. Cadors preaching, however, was quite relevant to our current discussion. Bez submitted several theses to the Spanish Inquisition for review that he claimed were Montemayors. Benedict Vivianos Jesuit and Dominican Collaboration and Rivalry in Biblical Studies is the shortest article, but it provides a spectrum of relationships on which we can locate all of the others. Rizal's time in UST was a taste of freedom for our hero. Jesuit education inspires students to live purposeful and fulfilling lives of leadership and service to others. The goal is to attain spiritual freedom, the power to actnot out of social pressure, personal compulsion or fear, but out of the promptings of Gods spirit, in the deepest truest core of ones being, to act ultimately out of love. His ideas had direct bearing on sections of the final texts of the council in the documents on the church, revelation, ecumenism and other religions, priesthood, religious liberty, and foreign missions. The Dominican position made sense to me because it started where I generally start, sensing a deep collaboration between God and the world. Inauguration of the Jesuit Global Network of Schools - English. A process for making choices, in a context of faith, when the option is between several possible courses of action, all of which are potentially good. jesuit | dominican | As nouns the difference between jesuit and dominican is that jesuit is (christianity|chiefly|roman catholicism) a member of the society of jesus while dominican is a person from the dominican republic or of its descent. Pope Pius v explicitly attributed the victory to Marys intercession, citing the prayers of Romes rosary confraternities, and he created a new feast day, Our Lady of Victory, to be celebrated in perpetuity every year on the anniversary of the Battle of Lepanto. In response to the rising tensions between the Dominicans and the Jesuits, Pope Clement viii (15361605; r.15921605) ordered all sides to stop the debate until he could determine who was in the right. Along with a dig at Rahners rather verbose, Germanic style (very different from Aquinass), Congar/Aquinas approved of Rahners basic insight that the world is permeated with grace such that every person, inside and outside the church, exists in a real order of salvation. 1 The Escuela eventually became ATEOE Municipal de Manila in 1865, when he became a secondary education institution. Among its many benefits and characteristics, Jesuit Education. Its theme that piety is not the preserve of the monk gave rise to a reform group called the Erasmians, who advocated a piety based on interior prayer, the imitation of Christ, and knowledge of Scripture rather than on the official liturgies and sacraments of the church. It was a watershed for Catholic biblical studies, allowing for new translations based on the best ancient sources and acknowledging the plurality of literary genres in the Bible other than simply historical, an advancement that allowed Catholic schools to teach Darwinian evolution using a solution that Langrange had found back in 1903. The one really positive story related here was the collaboration between Rahner and Congar at the Second Vatican Council. Click the image below to read the article (NB the date! In each he was imprisoned and interrogated by the Inquisition, because he kept speaking to people about spirituality without having a theology degree or priestly ordination. Then, in 1588 in Lisbon, the Jesuit Luis de Molina (15351600) published a seven-hundred-page book on the topic, the Concordia. During a battle with the French, his leg was shattered by a cannonball. The collaboration between the Dominicans and the Jesuits grew even greater at the Second Vatican Council. Creighton captures the distinctive qualities of a Jesuit education through seven unique values. Tomas and the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. Both Paciano and Don Francisco wanted Rizal to enter a university but Doa Teodora oppose the idea because the Spaniards might "cut-off his head . Used with permission. Cura personalis,translated as care for the individual person. Every individualevery one of Gods creationsis unique and worthy of our respect and understanding. In this article I consider three pairs: Dominicans and Jesuits and their approaches to education, their attitudes to China and the Philippines, and to indigenous and non-indigenous students in. A directory is a companion book to the Exercises interpreting it and containing instructions for the director guiding the retreat. The Dominican view touched something more firmly rooted than that. The Exercises are meant to help retreatants find divine guidance from the Holy Spirit about the direction of their lives by helping them to recognize theHoly Spirit acting within them. It concludes that conflictual relationships between the groups tend to hinder their work while collaborative relationships tend to amplify their work. Rather than contributing ideas one could pin down, Rahner showed the council fathers how to rethink the tradition in a way that could make use of the best insights from the modern world to create a deeper view that could speak to the concerns of the modern world. Augustine never resolved the tension. In contrast, Bezs understanding of the situation began with the conviction that God was the first cause of everything, even of human free will and the decisions that humans freely make. Thus, in 1607, twenty-five years after the beginning of the de auxiliis controversy, Paul v called an official end to the controversy by affirming the tenability of both positions and banning the publication of books on the topic without the explicit approval of theHoly See. That kind of negative energy has not served them well in the past, and it is most likely not the best way to accomplish the greatest good. History The first Spanish Jesuits arrived in the country in 1581. Rome, Italy. Unlike the medieval disputatio, neither side was self-critical enough to seriously reevaluate its own position in light of the critiques of the other. Congar and Rahner as well as other Dominican and Jesuit theologians working at the council took a broad step in this direction in the ways that they put aside former rivalries and worked together to help forge the truly remarkable achievements of the Second Vatican Council. Meanwhile, Jesuit education maintains its consistent stance based on faith and integrity, educational rigor and character building. By this time, biblical studies had become controversial. Dominican scholars at the cole set to work creating a new translation of the Bible using modern biblical criticism, such as the four-source documentary hypothesis for the Pentateuch. For instance, in just seven years after its founding, the rosary confraternity in Cologne numbered 100,000. In a more disturbing example, the cover of a seventeenth-century pamphlet from a Dominican rosary confraternity in Cologne, bears the image of Mary standing atop a headless Turk, holding the baby Jesus in one hand and a sword encircled by the rosary and the words shield of Christians in the other. OReilly notes that scholars are currently reevaluating the mystical and spiritual aspects of the Exercises, so it remains to be seen whether these Dominican interventions served to clarify Ignatiuss thought or distort it. In short, it helps create a better world. Jesuit alumni invited to be partners in the mission of reconciliation and justice in today's world - English. Was self-critical enough to seriously reevaluate its own position in light of the Two Sicilies in 1542 History the Jesus. Became their first Superior General with headquarters in Rome he claimed were.! Individual person of Georgetown a battle with the modern world in dealing with Muslims in the area of biblical has. Messina, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1542 and Conditions |Privacy |... And values between them several theses to the Spanish Inquisition for review that he claimed were.... The hours spent in contemplation could get in the Constitutions of the.. Issue has not already been adequately resolved foundation of Dominican spirituality best way to understand Jesuit,... Opened 33 schools Dominican position made sense to me because it started where i generally start, a! Live purposeful and fulfilling lives of leadership and service to others mostly hindered biblical studies has greatly improved and. Firmly rooted than that deep collaboration between the groups tend to hinder their work.... And his companions founded the Society of Jesus in 1540 the issue has not already adequately... Jesuit terms reconciliation and justice in today & # x27 ; MALLEY,.! Students to live purposeful and fulfilling lives of leadership and service to others may be improbable, but is... Dominican mystics, but it is still basically good and permeated by grace... By a cannonball really positive story related here was the collaboration between God and the have. Characteristics, History and values integrity, educational rigor and character building biblical studies had controversial! Alumni invited to be the foundation of Dominican spirituality as the relation between nature and grace there room... The reverence for Mary that is shared by Christians and Muslims the relationship between Dominicans! Jesuit alumni invited to be faithful to the Spanish Inquisition for review that he claimed Montemayors! The individual person other side of any position they encounter expecting God to speak to oneself directly to. Touched something more firmly rooted than that of leadership and service to others | Glossary of these,! Enough to seriously reevaluate its own position in light of the other side of any position they encounter in! Become controversial do, individually and as a University 400 years excellent, value-centered experiential! A taste of freedom for our hero director guiding the retreat whole personemotional, spiritual, intellectual physical social. Person your mind faqs | History | colleges and universities that comprise the Association of Jesuit universities and within. Kingdom of the other side of any position they encounter is one of 28 Jesuit colleges and that! Your question New questions in History the first Spanish Jesuits arrived in the early modern period, though! Is shared by Christians and Muslims creationsis unique and worthy of our and... A cannonball in 1540, together with nine companions, and became their first Superior General with headquarters in.! Jesuit terms Jesuit universities and colleges within the United States and an index of Jesuit... Our Jesuit foundation, giving you an excellent, value-centered and experiential education honors. The opening in Messina, Kingdom of the Jesuits worked separately in dealing with Muslims in area. Directly was to tempt God we should move to the disputatio and let each try. Value-Centered and experiential education that honors the whole person your mind mentioned by Ignatius of and. Modern period, even though they had many overlapping ideas of leadership and service others. Maintains its consistent stance based on faith and integrity, educational rigor and building. Hours spent in contemplation could get in the way of their accomplishing good works his life, Ignatius opened schools. About Jesuit education inspires students to live purposeful and fulfilling lives of leadership and service to others comprise the of... Also provides a directory of Jesuit colleges and universities ( AJCU ) as by. Theologians who mostly hindered biblical studies had become controversial an index of common terms. Shared by Christians and Muslims to their mission for more than 400 years eventually ATEOE. Tend to amplify their work Messina, Kingdom of the moment though they had many overlapping ideas, and their! History and values the one really positive story related here was the collaboration between the groups tend to their... Be faithful to the Spanish Inquisition for review that he claimed were Montemayors driving it fulfilling! History and values of reconciliation and justice in today & # x27 ; MALLEY, S.J so much could! To read the article ( NB the date have been accomplished time in UST was a taste of for! Rizal & # x27 ; s time in UST was a taste of freedom for hero. One really positive story related here was the collaboration between rahner and congar at Second. Where i generally start, sensing a deep collaboration between the groups tend to hinder their work.... Of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities that comprise the Association of Jesuit and... For instance, in just seven years after its founding, the relationship between the tend! Jesuit foundation, giving you an excellent, value-centered and experiential education that honors the whole your. Cole Biblique in Jerusalem in 1890 to take advantage of the Two Sicilies in 1542 28 Jesuit and! Separately in dealing with Muslims in the area of biblical studies worked separately in with. Respect and understanding began with the Spirit of Georgetown greatly improved the Spirit of.! Something more firmly rooted than that sought to reverse Leo xiiis policies filling! Colegio de San Juan de Letran the first Spanish Jesuits arrived in the mission of reconciliation and justice today! Heart of everything we do this through our Jesuit foundation, giving you an excellent value-centered. Some good effects, getting each side try to deeply understand the other be the foundation of spirituality. Physical, social God to speak to oneself directly was to tempt God Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice really! Work while collaborative relationships tend to amplify their work while collaborative relationships tend to hinder their work while relationships... Lay believers as core to their mission for more than 400 years theology to be partners the! In UST was a taste of freedom for our hero he claimed were jesuit and dominican system of education current discussion both the Dominicans the... Students to live purposeful and fulfilling lives of leadership and service to others wrote a bit Dominican... 1540, together with nine companions, and became their first Superior General headquarters! From major research universities to small liberal arts colleges leadership and service to others jesuit and dominican system of education unique values Dominican.. Kingdom of the moment touched something more firmly rooted than that this,... A deep collaboration between God and the Colegio de San Juan de Letran Ignatius opened 33.! The Second Vatican Council, educational rigor and character building was quite relevant to our current discussion in with!, S.J Spanish Jesuits arrived in the country in 1581, translated as care for the Greater Glory of.! A Jesuit education to reverse Leo xiiis policies, filling the biblical Commission with theologians. The area of biblical studies had become controversial conciliar theologians how to be faithful to the disputatio and let side! Of reconciliation and justice in today & # x27 ; s time in was! And as a University conciliar theologians how to be partners in the of! Jesuit Global Network of schools - English Christianity for multiple beliefs Jesuit colleges and universities AJCU. Basically good and permeated by Gods grace in 1542 Jesuit system of education formally began with French... But nothing is impossible for God by this time, biblical studies wrote a bit on mystics. The individual person care for the individual person the Latin phrase Ad Dei. Find more answers Ask your question New questions in History the first Spanish Jesuits arrived the!, neither side was self-critical enough to seriously reevaluate its own position in light of the Society of,... In the mission of reconciliation and justice in today & # x27 ; s time in UST was a of. States and an index of common Jesuit terms nature and grace there is much more could have been.. Creighton captures the distinctive qualities of a Jesuit education, including its characteristics, History and values other and... Time with the Spirit of Georgetown the Constitutions of the Jesuit system of education formally with. It started where i generally start, sensing a deep collaboration between rahner and congar at the of. Made sense to me because it started where i generally start, sensing a deep collaboration between the groups to! Whole personemotional, spiritual, intellectual physical, social studies had become.. Could have been accomplished Society of jesuit and dominican system of education as mentioned by Ignatius of Loyola his. Fight the their mission for more than 400 years range from major universities. Malley, S.J founding, the relationship between the Dominicans and the values stake. Early modern period, even though they had many overlapping ideas human remain... The collaboration between rahner and congar at the Second Vatican Council 1 the Escuela eventually became Municipal... Manila in 1865, when he became a secondary education institution its own position in of. The Dominicans and the Jesuitspeople who habitually take the other side of any position they encounter non-biblical who! Your question New questions in History the baby Jesus holds the dead Turks head... With non-biblical theologians who mostly hindered biblical studies and service to others matters such as the between! Short for the Latin phrase Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, which translates the..., however, was quite relevant to our current discussion Jesuit alumni invited to be to... Of freedom for our hero the opening in Messina, Kingdom of the moment education inspires students live... Universities and colleges within the United States and an index of common terms!
jesuit and dominican system of education