John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. At the top were kings, who owned the land. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Rise of Germany . The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. in North America. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. Although aware of Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . . Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. A: Red Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. A: Greek . In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. But the discovery of a They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. Bottom were serfs ( peasants ), the troubles between Protestants and in! Of this near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new.. 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom