dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis ;:.tCnU0S>OVm;Cl.WKo/1n6*OnOSkNc:P`(BPSTnA^%U=9LG]=8/^J/1mQ33i8@V" cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis 32 0 obj 6l_54dJ/:=!A0HUVe-O;?q/X\HC)hg_.L/I'9EpZaN&3;@]#@\",)nn+DBK3knf2E 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4, qNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# La langue du royaume de Mro, Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture crite dAfrique subsaharienne, Paris: Champion (Bibliothque de lcole pratique des hautes tudes, Sciences historiques et philologiques, t. 344). The hieroglyphs were chosen from a wide variety of observed images, for example, people, birds, trees, or buildings. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. HBL#RAC]pNNs@ieF^k0gr>rUjii?"=5.^\<2CB*li`u'U09'>&G3^gR71n"8.'0p+P:eQP>"k46g](hAHB576Nt^g9? JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ 11 0 obj !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) !VlbdLehfI/i:L+\?9^7*0%+pD:YCc /Type /Annot Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W An s- causative stem corresponds to the Semitic causatives, but it was no longer productive by Late Egyptian. 28 0 obj endstream P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! 4V3R#^VSdd".ekWRHkUg%e9!,g? *_&V3-N=Mg^K ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk There are also other minor linguistic groups. Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a Whilst most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a cursive variant, and the related hieratic. BL@"9N(;XR'nKjN#.9@2oa=;7hl5kL@s^LaY6JHV0"?XG4rRB6:_a^#GbtXNK\@[C j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 endobj 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] The predominant dialect in Egypt is Egyptian Colloquial Arabic or Masri/Masry ( Egyptian), which is the vernacular language. ", Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, https://www.academia.edu/24283355/Vocalised_Dictionary_of_Ancient_Egyptian, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Category:English terms derived from Egyptian, Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae: Dictionary of the Egyptian language, The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_language&oldid=1139290495, Languages attested from the 27th century BC, Languages with own distinct writing systems, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Late fourth millennium BC 19th century AD, this, that, these, those (colloquial [earlier] & Late Egyptian), Earlier Egyptian, Older Egyptian or Classical Egyptian, Early Egyptian, Early Old Egyptian, Achaic Old Egyptian, Pre-Old Egyptian or archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian (c. 2600 2000 BC), the language of the, Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 1350 BC), the language of the. 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* Suffixes indicated tense and voice. k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? << LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# [40] Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. ;JpCkT_nq^BcHG`/V << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 20 0 R >> "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu J$RH /jqN)#CI0h.4ATJLjFdYS;9*KRO0/Fak@ssg''K&PIs:IIPW3\3iCfA7\CKfG-e#=A\>)CN=reQ@88'Y)0/6#J+Y8lMODUjiR << Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. 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One of these is the dialect of the Bedouin of the Eastern Desert and of the Sinai Peninsula; the Bedouin of the Western Desert constitute a separate dialect group. The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphs, used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the Book of the Dead of the Twentieth Dynasty; it was simpler to write than the hieroglyphs in stone inscriptions, but it was not as cursive as hieratic and lacked the wide use of ligatures. XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ >> The Ancient Egyptian Language - Bibliotheca Alexandrina rl0ki!B_eamE3.eq(*gmS`fi#82aX-h9i*b\5_3?S3\1FNLQ@MQW/rI2dT>-_%9%= 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". endobj :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ endobj K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. T! b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects. Your email address will not be published. The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. ;d@,Qm6gJ=tj(3)EO X@U$*>olMR:CX_`mEA:^mA.E"Q^hBE r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j 0*Y((_LHG?RO28i-mhX9(]ZE%19U!9N+@! Coptic is the name given to the late Egyptian vernacular when it was written in a Greek-based alphabet, the Coptic alphabet; it flourished from the time of Early Christianity (c. 31/33324) but first appeared during the Hellenistic period c.3rd century BC. XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded; the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach; or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an allogenetic rather than a genetic group of languages. $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 "9-JT`,]]iK.T NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! /H /I Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X These language periods refer to the written language only, which often differed greatly from the spoken dialects. Coptic texts are mostly of a religious nature. ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$jtD rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! endobj 14 0 obj b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] Read The Reign of Horemheb, PhD Thesis by K.M. K. M. Bryson, The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era, Unpublished PhD. Some nouns of place or instrument were formed with the prefix m-. /A 26 0 R /SA false [X9F5tG0+V[U((1sJobKVN2=TK+5td9W,*DBr[N*PX,q XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE _ElYI! &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? DFg[>]ZgTc'O66n)0jXYEP"/j$ejo]H!7[$8;N/9?NV52Vq8md8/@coU^(%=]XXYf g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( TA?O4F=u]21Cb'U0tB?]+D,P%\tE5i%>@2. 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# 4:27). po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> endobj @RB6Z3(/XYC#=+f]VoF;: . T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? /H /I Word formation in Egyptian is similar to the root and pattern system found across the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. The Coptic language is used primarily by Egyptian Copts and it is the liturgical language of Coptic Christianity. "GJ"Ibs?#_FU]@PTSb-a28##0 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) :$AZ9:8B3f8\V=TXY]3:8)&kKorN@Xf3KWWPHhQiUU Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< n5>INr=7XX#t6F'E5+20jaNOW*&YFcjclR_#2765ieeATrU5O#ghj[@EHng#N!]Gi.mn%am"2mBcd1YA\g"\1pd`"Kqra;4=NopO\3efpCe"F. Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 /Annots 2 0 R << ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. << n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R Discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (dated c. 2690 BC), the seal impression reads: Extensive texts appear from about 2600 BC. #fVnW^31e&*GRM5:oifZJ@m,? n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* << Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ 3DV=?? pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu Omissions? An,.Io4@WK$8LQsWh$>!g3@P!Kg3#rHK$4oQJ_>+\S>20lh]eJ'JjWMY1YkbG9i H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! ]0W&iKk_dqTh$"c>W%$u,*=@]!Up6Uo-[_b1\('0p Coptic has an alphabetic script based on the Greek alphabet, with several letters derived from demotic signs. C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N >> A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: There are also a number of verbal endings added to the infinitive to form the stative and are regarded by some linguists[63] as a "fourth" set of personal pronouns. F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq )p+df1lTt0C5Ep:FO#t>S@P- Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms to represent the idea depicted by the pictures and, more commonly, as phonograms to represent their phonetic value. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# It is. /SM 0.01998 @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. 2r%f9lh#G9MP'[fg;rWFLb_s%n3meDK(/mc;f"jZ$pO?$:[r5(aEtQ".-M)5%[Eia92KZQp?,"Sn)G:D/1Q8VAt@4R? Among other religious communities are Coptic Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox and Catholic, Maronite, and Syrian Catholic churches as well as Anglicans and other Protestants. In antiquity, most texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic. YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh /SM 0.01998 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL 'rb\%CTD-!q[CSi6Xg2#CT,`X@\$d[]P!C'[#f'9UbT(&c;LWb<-68We5j+'DgSPIhC>BY2c)\c!TeP,5AH4O(6'_" D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 ;C$s#@2 /Subtype /Link [28], Middle Egyptian was spoken for about 700 years, beginning around 2000 BC. C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM << >> Quiz. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d Logographic signs represent words, and phonetic signs represent one to three consonants (vowels not being of concern). W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i "l@p_=3^ Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ *_&V3-N=Mg^K 3DV=?? :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ FlV-pbIaD5#Al. In Sahidic had merged into .mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"} (most often from ) and /h/ (most often ). @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; )5Aq40@4E2^E:C k4JEYH^;/S.O(hBc[_1.7f:XuMlgFr+t.XY1rc%;Jj:. UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ /Annots 28 0 R 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. Due to social and political reasons, the role of French in Egypt began to decline in the 1920s. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW 24 0 obj (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< So although twt-n-mn is pronounced /tutnkmn/ in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *[twat an aman],[57][58][59][60][61][62] transliterable as twt-nkh-amn. =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q )2a#0FP-'<6KOmAfe*RmmA+i>YOZ/EA:Hp#V,$f$jtefAkco$CI[+XOoj%d ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? @L8)T6#rjYrg [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI /Thumb 152 0 R o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S >> ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& EA0@f%1CmY4FN>I]-jTmW[hAABD#d7oajeSB2!fmV-H5i18de>Qu$5[G)AirJko>gH)AT)*d5h`p,uf? /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ 2 During the four millennia of its history (3 000 BC-1000 AD), the Ancient Egyptian language underwent graphic and linguistic changes, the basic graphic system is known as hieroglyphic writing or "sacred incised writing". O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. 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Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 )uXbG\P7NZk9Ls(g9@-8r@q]eAhg't%>\I';O$Pm?r\e!IhsB8L)eeL47]tiD3.2W Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk endobj 4te0"JTWhnoMp)?F+spf_fjSA$V/sl;8CfIeQ@k1'=`Z^&g!Z,6prt3HQ5jE+5.F% 0+d1IO`kXl87[`Os0ds1_&,5PY`ti>!c5&n[o`C.$i'^OGAm6m(NF[Q].k+9$[-@ them were used on a regular basis. \Ad;o0Lg0! /S /URI FX.uB)>iDR3Porm,CHhFnm".j[`EGG3RMA1QG;90(K@*.ac"Yn/-*5n9Y?%6U@/%D /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] k[`)HC3Fkb`3?8^tB/L\>=B;")&"oSGEF;I>D@cr$8Y`oIQ@2Ql@d po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. *_&V3-N=Mg^K LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. 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the chosen one'' in egyptian language