Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. Clinical signs may include decreased appetite, chewing or swallowing difficulties, ptyalism, palpable facial or mandibular swellings secondary to periapical pathologic changes or soft tissue infection and abscess formation, exophthalmia, ocular or nasal discharge, abnormal rabbit anisognathous occlusion, and unkempt body fur.17 Diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography are useful for localizing dental and associated soft tissue lesions before undertaking surgical correction.11,24, Although a cursory examination with an otoscope or illuminated nasal speculum can be conducted in anesthetized rabbits, endoscopic examination is superior for providing a focused light source and magnification.4,20,25 Radiography has limitations in assessment of dental disease20; however, it is indicated as a primary diagnostic tool.17,20 Although its use has not been well documented in the investigation of dental disease in rabbits, computed tomography may also be useful in selected instances of refractory dental disease.24, Endoscopy has been advocated for evaluation of the oral cavity in lagomorphs and rodents.4,26,27 To the authors' knowledge, the use of rigid endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of a retrobulbar abscess has only been previously reported in association with an extraoral approach.28. The cavity had decreased in size and was copiously flushed with sterile saline solution and antimicrobials, as described. The Nematodes Thelazia gulosa Railiet and Henry, 1910 and Thelazia skrjabini Erschov, 1928 as a Cause of Blindness in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland Definitely not the worst, but it's good she'll be seen soon. Treatment: Orbital cellulites and retrobulbar abscess are treated similarly, as follows: Drainage via an incision is made through only the oral mucosa. Like most websites we use cookies. Kirschner SE. Pain - on opening the mouth, commonly associated with an abscess; Discharge - watery to mucky due to inflammation; Third eyelid elevated - caused by pressure from behind the eye; Causes. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. The most widely cited data are from the mummy Nesperehn, excavated in Thebes, where a psoas abscess and spinal changes were recorded, which established TB's presence in Egypt between 1069 and 945 bc [47]. }. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. Notice the persisting soft tissue swelling associated with exophthalmia involving the left eye (arrow). Bookshelf Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits often results in enucleation of the affected eye as surgical drainage is traumatic and difficult (Gelatt, Gilgerm, & Kern, 2013). Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery. For Librarians:Integration of your institutional LibKey profile with CAB Direct is very quick and easy! This is usually associated with inflammation and infection of the tissues behind the eye. Doxycycline (50 mg) was mixed with 2.5 mL of reconstituted dental ceramic and infused into the cavity. MeSH Orbital abscess as a complication of odontogenic infection. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Here is an MRI of the head, showing pus extending up in the orbit and then down as far as the cervical area. Before one can understand how a rabbit uses his teeth, one must first understand some basics of the dental anatomy of a rabbit. Thank you TonyI'll be taking her in on Thursday. In Pract 1997;19:407421. The food passes from the mouth to the socket of the root developing infection that eventually becomes an abscess. Chauvin Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Harold Hill, Romford, Essex, UK. Accessed Dec 3, 2006. In:Fowler ME, ed.Zoo and wild animal medicine. CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. Small mammal dentistry, in Proceedings. Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. Results of susceptibility testing revealed that no single antimicrobial was effective against both bacteria. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3] , and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1] . In these cases the abscess can be opened, cleaned out thoroughly and flushed with an antiseptic solution. Clinical RelevanceStomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease. Ultrasound to examine the "ocular and periocular tissues will help identify a retrobulbar abscess." Finally, aspiration using a fine needle can help rule out other conditions such as neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. After induction, the rabbit was intubated by use of a fiberoptic laryngoscopeg and a 2-mm uncuffed nasotracheal tube.h A 24-gauge IV catheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 22.2 mL of half-strength lactated Ringer's solution (NaCl concentration, 0.45%) containing 2.5% dextrose was administered at 10 mL/h during the anesthetic period. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. You may need to adress this still or another abscess may occur. After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. Date Reviewed/Revised: 01/05/2012. The abscess cavity may also need debriding and being packed with antibiotic impregnated beads. Stomatoscopy examination revealed no opening or cavity. Often, in moderate to severe cases, it is possible to make a presumptive diagnosis after having examined the affected eye and the mouth for the presence of dental disease. Tear ducts usually secondary to dental disease. It was thickly encapsulated, so the antibiotics likely wouldn't have been able to penetrate it. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal .item01 { Have a basic understanding of the evolution of the eye . Andrews SE. In:Jenkins JR, Brown SA, ed.A practitioner's guide to rabbits and ferrets. Taylor M. Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. Awwww. Runny Eyes, Runny Nose: What Do They Mean? If you're going to write an article, you're going to use the pic that's the most obvious and disgusting so that it is very clear what the rabbit's problem was and to encourage people to get their animals treated sooner rather than later. Treatment of retrobulbar abscesses is an extremely difficult procedure and, unfortunately the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses may recur. Stomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease. My little bad rabbit had her right eye removed about two weeks ago. Given the absence of obvious signs of retrobulbar infection and the tendency for food and debris to accumulate in the cavity, an antimicrobial-impregnated bioactive dental ceramicp was used to fill the defect. The anemia was not investigated further, and results of postoperative hematologic testing were within reference range. Would you like email updates of new search results? Careers. Orbit and globe. Radiographs of the cranium (dorsoventral, right and left lateral, and oblique views) were obtained on a mammography cassettec and films.d Radiography revealed severe malocclusion of the premolars and molars, with multiple elongated roots. width: 100%; If your library has implemented LibKey you will see in-line links on Search Results and the Abstract pageto connect you seamlessly with your librarys subscription access to the article. Ideally a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan should be taken to assess the extent of the abscess, the infection and the tooth roots, but often this is not possible due to financial constraints. Endoscopic examination was performed with a 5-mm, 0 otoendoscope and a 2.7-mm, 30 Hopkins telescope attached to a xenon light source via a fiber-optic cable and a camera providing video feed to a monitor.4,m Digital video and still images were captured with a documentation system. Martin CL. Although uncommon, an abscess or pocket of infection/pus can develop behind the eye, which is referred to as a retrobulbar abscess. Initial diagnostic tests included hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses, measurement of the serum Pasteurella multocida antibody titer,a cranial and thoracic radiography, ophthalmologic examination, and ultrasonographic examination of the globe and retrobulbar space in both eyes. Notice that the material caudomedial to the curvilinear line is less echogenic than the wall and that the structure displaces the globe rostrolaterally. Extensive online help - available wherever you are in CAB Direct. Surgical or medical management of subperiosteal orbital abscess in children: a critical appraisal of the literature. It is possible that this was a retrobulbar abscess and that the dog did not start bleeding until the surgical procedure was performed. An 18-gauge catheter was directed into the cavity, which was copiously flushed with 200 mL of warm sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. She's still on Bicillinwill be calling the vet in the morning. Figure-4. .avma_container div{ Receive latest Vetlexicon news and updates by signing up to our mailing list. This procedure is usually performed under anesthesia, unless the abscess is very small. To show you are not a Bot please can you enter the number showing adjacent to this field. The accumulated fluid in the tear duct is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and an abscess can form easily. Ophthalmic diseases. Treatment of a retrobulbar abscess secondary to dental associated infection in a rabbit . a localized purulent inflammation of tissues, involving their dissolution and the formation of a pus-containing cavity. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease. Occasionally this can be curative, but since the origin of the problem is very often related to dental disease, this will also need to be addressed. Hey evereyone I'm new here! Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3], and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1]. Antonyms for retroarticular abscess. Vet Rec 1999;144: 540. The mouth generally due to an infection or dental disease. Oof, poor girl. Aneta Gralak. 2020 VetPartners Practices Limited t/a Willows Veterinary Centre, Registered Address Spitfire House, Aviator Ct, York YO30 4UZ. January 2010; Der Praktische Tierarzt 91(1):14-22 . [47] record evidence from . Remeeus PG, Verbeek M. The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder. Access the worlds largest online veterinary resources, written by leading experts for 14 days. Causes of exophthalmia include orbital or retroorbital abscess, cellulitis, neoplasia, hematoma, orbital cyst (including Taenia serialis cyst), retrobulbar fat prolapse, salivary mucocele, myositis, lacrimal gland disease, foreign body, granuloma, and trauma.7-10 Exophthalmia must be distinguished from buphthalmia secondary to congenital glaucoma or other diseases such as uveitis, trauma, tumors, or Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection.11,12 Retrobulbar disease is the most common cause of exophthalmia in rabbits.7,12 Retrobulbar abscesses may be the result of endodontic infection, penetrating foreign bodies, local injury, or spread of infection from the bloodstream.13, Understanding rabbit dental anatomy and physiology is essential to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of conditions involving the oral cavity. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data. Open in a separate window. These wounds must be left open to be flushed at least twice a day for several weeks. Tear duct abscesses can be the result of an elongated upper incisor tooth root blocking the tear duct. government site. In chronic cases, rabbits can continue eating and drinking normally, but often the rabbit will deteriorate as the pain escalates or the dental disease progresses and eventually will stop eating and passing faecal pellets. Although this radiograph shows a true DV view of the maxilla, the mandible was deliberately pushed away from the side of the . Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Duangurai T, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Bumrungpun C, Kaewmongkol G, Areevijittrakul L, Sirinarumitr T, Fenwick SG, Kaewmongkol S. Vet World. Whatever the treatment choice, it is imperative to follow through with your veterinarians requested recheck appointments and diagnostic testing to improve the chances for abscess resolution. This causes a pocket of infection to form, characterised by an accumulation of pus. Retrobulbar abscess may be distinguished from other causes of exophthalmos on the basis of its acute onset, pain, and often pyrexia. It depends on the underlying cause. opacity: 1; J Vet Dent 1995;12:1922. Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. In:Martin CL, ed.Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Dr. Martnez-Jimnez's present address is Lawndale Veterinary Hospital, 4314 Lawndale Dr, Greensboro, NC 27455. Drainage of a retrobulbar abscess through the mouth can be successful in mild cases, and if caused by a tooth. A second swab was used to obtain smears for Gram staining and cytologic analysis. CAB Direct Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the rabbit's head on day 16 after surgery to remove the left maxillary second molar. She is recovering well. Ocular ultrasonography revealed a poorly defined area of hypoechoic, flocculent-appearing material caudomedial to the left globe, most consistent with a retrobulbar abscess (Figure 2). A concurrent medical . These tests might include bacterial culture of the wall of the abscess (culturing the pus itself is not useful), x-rays and/or ultrasound to determine the location and extent of the infection, and blood tests to determine the response of the immune system and the condition of other organs. Ideally, all of the wall of all abscesses should be cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to determine the best choice for antibiotic therapy with or without surgery. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. A concurrent medical treatment . situated, occurring, or administered behind the eyeball See the full definition Abscesses (rabbits), in Proccedings. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. 2011 Jul;52(7):380-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01077.x. Seeing your rabbit's eye suddenly protruding out further than it used to can be very confronting. San Diego: Academic Press Inc, 1994;467472. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits. Stomatoscopy revealed a caseous plug at the site of the left maxillary second molar extraction; the site was debrided with an angled curette. Dental abscesses in rabbits are unusual in that they seldom produce hyperthermia, can become very large without producing apparent discomfort, and tend to encapsulate and progressively destroy surrounding bone. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits - Treatment avoiding enucleation. If these tracts are not removed or thoroughly cleaned, the abscess will return. The wall of the abscess should be cultured for bacteria and an appropriate antibiotic can be selected. Unfortunately a lot of the pics people put online are the most obvious cases they've seen, and many of those occur with total neglect of the rabbit, or someone not paying very close attention to their rabbit. Durham, NC, USA. (You can unsubscribe anytime). Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, et al. I agree that a lot of the pics online for retrobulbular abscess are ridiculous and I can't imagine how the bunnies got that way. Okayhere's the update. During this time subscribers will be able to start accessing subscribed content on CABI Digital Library and enjoy the platforms many benefits. Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB. Bartholin's Glands Abdomen Retroperitoneal . Abscesses that develop behind the eye are known as retrobulbar abscesses. Please note that using antibiotics as the sole treatment without at least opening and cleaning the abscess is usually unsuccessful because these drugs cannot adequately penetrate the thick capsule of the abscess and kill the bacteria inside. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND Uh oh. Use of collagen shields for treatment of chronic bilateral corneal ulcers in a pet rabbit. Pet rabbits. R= Right. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2002;5:341356. How to manage the geriatric rabbit, in Proceedings. Treatment and OutcomeStomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. 000-000-000 . The success of this conservative approach to management of a retrobulbar abscess resulted partly from frequent monitoring, serial stomatoscopy, and good client compliance. Surgery will be required to go behind the eye, drain the pus and prevent any further damage. Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. Treatment and outcome: Corneal diseases of rabbits. Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits, Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of, Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data, Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits, . See Figure 1 for key. Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. MeSH Use tab to navigate through the menu items. It is also posssible to aspirate material from the abscess and test it for bacteria in order to make a diagnosis of infection rather than tumour, and also to choose the best antibiotics as treatment. This can lead to problems when the abscess is located within the region of the eye, since the location is hard to successfully operate on, and the case is frequently difficult to cure. A pair of . One week after surgery, results of bacterial culture of the abscess fluid revealed light growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very light growth of Enterococcus spp. The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. Practice repositioning of proptosed globe and drainage of retrobulbar abscess via pterygopalatine fossa . The rabbit was hospitalized for supportive care overnight and was scheduled for elective surgery for tooth removal and abscess debridement the following day. Regarding her diet, she hasn't had pellets in 5 years, she eats a variety of Oxbow hay free choice and limited veggies. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;392394. Bookshelf Fifteen minutes before anesthetic induction via a face mask, the rabbit was premedicated with midazolam (0.5 mg/ kg [0.23 mg/lb], IM), hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IM), and glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg [0.005 mg/lb], IM). cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Best wishes for the rest of her recovery. In rabbits, retrobulbar abscesses are commonly the cause of exophthalmos (Figure 20-1). Below is a discussion on what can cause this problem and what we can do about. He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. Jenkins JR. Rabbits. Please email CABIsupport@cabi.orgwith your LibKey API Key and LibKey Static ID whichmay berequested from Third Ironsupport@thirdiron.com. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. National Library of Medicine It may not display this or other websites correctly. Generalized muscle atrophy and bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge with severe exophthalmia of the left globe were observed. 2nd ed. Endoscopic photographs obtained during stomatoscopy in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aCaseous exudate (arrows) is entering the oral cavity from the gingival margin around the left maxillary second molar. The site is secure. Abscesses may develop in the subcutaneous cellular tissue, in muscles, bones, and so forth, as well as in organs (such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and brain) or between them (interintestinal abscesses, subphrenic . 2nd ed. Similar endoscopic techniques performed with an intraoral camera system have been reported in human and equine dentistry.29 In the rabbit of the present report, a 2.7-mm telescope permitted detailed examination and assisted in successful tooth extraction and abscess debridement. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5 . The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. If the abscess is not causing pain, the rabbit may act as if nothing is wrong. My 5 yr. old rabbit Sophie got attacked by a great dane a couple of weeks ago. Disclaimer. session so others can sign in. J Am Vet Med Assoc. After the removal of the tooth decay, we used light-cure composite to fill . Martnez-Jimnez D, Hernndez-Divers SJ, Dietrich UM, Williams CO, Blasier MW, Wilson H, Frank PM. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. The owner was advised to monitor the rabbit's weight and have dental examinations repeated every 6 months. If the surgery is not sufficient, it is possible the rabbit will be left with deformities or euthanasia may even be considered. Exot DVM 2004;6:3740. Epub 2019 Oct 9. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia may be present. Rabbits, hares and pikas (lagomorpha). This can prove long and expensive, and treatment may need to be aimed at palliative care, to keep the rabbit comfortable for as long as possible. MRI: abscess dorsal from molar root tooth, Anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated -, Yes please, I would like to read about future offers and latest news via email. J Small Anim Pract. CAB Direct now works with LibKey! RETROBULBAR ABSCESS IN A RABBIT 659. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The symptoms that are present with a retrobulbar abscess in dogs will prompt a thorough eye exam to be completed. In 1938, Derry's summary [49] indicated that the earliest occurrence dated to 3300 bc, although Morse et al. Skin and subcutaneous abscesses are frequently observed in rabbits. An official website of the United States government. Clinical findings: With almost 15 million records to move to their new home, we expect this to take a couple of months to complete. margin: 0; Wills J. Coenurosis in a pet rabbit. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. English Espaol Portugus Franais Italiano Svenska Deutsch. It will often be necessary to perform diagnostic tests to investigate the cause of the abscess and to determine if other disease is present. display: flex; Exotic DVM 1 (3), 83-88. Rabbit abscesses can be challenging to treat. 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. Lakewood, Colo: American Animal Hospital Association, 1993;142. Antimicrobial-impregnated beads were not used in the rabbit of this report because of the open tract leading to the oral cavity. Sorry it had to happen. When the picture was taken, pressure was applied to the globe, which pushed pus out of the abscess into the mouth alongside the infected tooth. The ear normally due to an infection or sometimes it is secondary to dental disease. Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Ga. Bickford PC-2B, Bickford Inc, Wales Center, NY. A swab was inserted into the socket, and a swab specimen was submitted for aerobic and anerobic bacterial culture. FOIA In the following article different methods are presented by which an enucleation of the bulbus can be avoided. Abscess. Rabbit incisors may wear differently depending on diet, and a pelleted diet may predispose the rabbit to dental disease. Disclaimer. #2. Over the weekend, she got much worse, so I called again and we decided to do surgery. In:Harcourt-Brown FM, ed.Textbook of rabbit medicine. . Rabbits are also prone to retrobulbar abscesses often associated with Pasteurella multocida; abscesses often form as an extension from dental disease (Jakl, 2012). Legendre LFJ. A case report and review of the literature. A mixed population with gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli and many degenerative polymorphonuclear cells was detected, consistent with bacterial infection.
Plain Dealing, La Obituaries,
Do Possums Eat Mice,
Camille Cosby Funeral,
Articles R
retrobulbar abscess rabbit