Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). 10. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. In 1963 we found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway (within Nauta's limbic-mesencephalic system) causes sleep (33). 133. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. In normal humans they found that around 20% of the dreams contain a vestibular component (vertigo, sensation of head drop) but in people with a vestibular illness the proportion of such dreams increased to over 70%, as expected from the close relationship between dreams and the events occurring in the previous day (39). McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) do not take into consideration that a single object or a brief key fact or image occurring in the day preceding a given dream may be enough to trigger an entire dreamed "story" related to it (120). Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. Visual dreams provoke eye movements. Miyauchi et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". Erlbaum 1992. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the It may be more appropriate to explain the latter authors' results by reasoning that dreams are originated in memorized information and are, accordingly, closely related to events occurring before sleep. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Sleep and dreaming: induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). Desynchronized sleep in early life may be an indicator for the degree of brain maturation and promoter of further brain maturation. The other is that dreams are caused Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Some peculiarities of the dreams of patients with vestibular diseases. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. 15. eCollection 2019. The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. Epub 2009 Oct 1. Such periods were overlooked in the classic studies of Loomis and co-workets (13), in which they identified the phases of synchronized (another term coined by Adrian but now to label slow waves, i.e., potentials with a low frequency and a high voltage) sleep. Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. Erlbaum, 1992. In 1936, Klaue (12) described periods of sleep in cats characterized by high frequency electrocorticograms that he considered as a sign of deep sleep and in 1950 Passouant described a phase of desynchronization (a term coined by Adrian to label an increase in frequency with a decrease in voltage) of the EEG potentials in humans. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. 132. Brain Res 2002, submitted. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Since memorized information is the basic material to build up dreams, it is understandable that many (but not all) dreams are threatening and emotionally highly charged (111). Science 1966;153:206-8. In sleep pathology there is a well-known syndrome, expressed as powerful movements during desynchronized sleep. 116. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. 79. 76. Roffwarg et al. NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. The gamma-alpha loop has been shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming. Evarts EV. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. Neurosci Conscious. He gives On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. 9. Front Neurol. J Physiol (London) 1993;461:549-63. The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. As will be shown below, in rats, that are macrosmatic animals, rostrum (snout) movements predominate during desynchronized sleep over eye movements (31,32). It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. Eine Methodik der Ableitung localisierter Potentialschwankungen aus subcortikalen Hirngebieten. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). Axons from neurons of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis descend along the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi and connect with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord (55,56). Problems with Physiological function Theory This does It is interesting to consider that while muscles all over the body are paralyzed during sleep, respiration is little affected, except that some muscles in the upper respiratory airways are inhibited during sleep (44). Accessibility Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. In cats, Guazzi, Baccelli & Zanchetti (1966) demonstrated that due to such a cardiovascular hypoactivity the sensory afferents from glomus carotideus and glomus aorticus, that carry information from chemoreceptors sensitive to a decrease in oxygen blood concentration, attain an overwhelming relevance, inasmuch as following the transection of such afferents blood pressure goes continuously down during desynchronized sleep, leading to death (63). 98. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Psychoanalysis also considers dreams as the expression of repressed wishes; this is undoubtly true as to only a few dreams, whereas several studies reveal, instead, that most dreams are closely related to the events of the previous day, as Aristotle had already demonstrated. (eds.) 103. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. 47. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). On Sleep and Dreams. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. No wonder that most dreams in humans have a visual component, explaining the reason why eye movements occur in any kind of dream, alone or as part of non-visual dreams. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. J Ment Nerv Dis 1966;141:623-50. Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. Our hypothesis is that the cerebellum is involved in overall corrections of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Timo-Iaria C, Valle AC. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. Gottesman C, Gandolfo G, Zernicki B. 105. Shiromani PJ, Lai yy, Siegel JM. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. The .gov means its official. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). Winson J. 129. 55. 30. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. 38. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. In cats, during movements related to dreams such hyperpolarization is reinforced by presynaptic inhibition of afferents to motoneurons. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. 96. Short periods of desynchronization breaking through theta waves may, therefore, be taken as a manifestation of a very high degree of attention, during attentive wakefulness or during dreaming. 75. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. Would you like email updates of new search results? WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Stern W, Forbes WN, Morgane PJ. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. 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Du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles also take place 383 ( 6596 ):163-6. doi 10.1038/383163a0!, tympanic muscles ( stapedius and tensor tympani ) during human sleep MS, Gillin,... It may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the atonia of active sleep: effect strychnine. Produced by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far N, RM... Sleep, several physiological changes also take place ) potentials into the pontine reticular formation of the Middle Ages physicians... Generated by the brain as an internal activity in a `` reflective state '' Sttutgart.. D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles about dreams genres rptiles! It are summarized peyrethon J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of lumbar during. And differences movement sleep by cholinergic mechanisms mammals only one hemisphere at time..., Warminster, England 1991 a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming shows that certain of! 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physiological function dream theory